The Facilitator’s Toolkit: When (and When Not) to Use Trial and Error

"Trial and Error" is one of the most fundamental yet widely applied problem-solving methods. It is a staple technique I teach in my workshops on problem analysis and resolution. The method is simple: an individual or group tests various solutions one by one, evaluates the results, and, if unsuccessful, moves on to the next option until they reach the desired outcome. It requires no deep prior knowledge or complex analysis; it is grounded entirely in "learning through experience." In my own local-level fieldwork, I have often used—or witnessed the use of—this method (for instance, the experimental plots used in the Hyrcanian Forest multi-purpose management project).

However, what prompted me to reflect deeply on the trial-and-error method is the realization that it cannot be applied in every situation. I have often heard locals say, "Are we lab rats?" Their frustration isn't necessarily directed at the facilitator or project manager; it stems from a valid concern: even for the sake of experimentation, local communities feel that constant testing isn't always the right approach. Therefore, we must understand the specific conditions under which this method is effective:

When to Use Trial and Error

1.  Lack of Available Information: When facing a completely new problem without prior knowledge or sufficient data for logical analysis. In such cases, trial and error allows the local group or community leaders to gather necessary information through step-by-step experimentation. An example: Learning how a new app works by tapping on various options.

2.  Simple and Low-Risk Problems: The cost of failure is low, and mistakes carry no serious consequences. An example: Finding the right key to open a simple lock—if the wrong key is tried, the lock just doesn't open, with no further damage.

3.  Limited Number of Options: The smaller the search space for solutions, the more efficient trial and error becomes. An example: Choosing the right path at a junction with only two or three turn-offs.

4.  Speed Over Precision: When a quick response is needed and there isn't enough time for deep analysis or modeling. An example: When the lights suddenly go out, quickly flipping a few switches to see if the problem is the fuse or the lightbulb.

5.  Lack of Established Patterns: For new or emerging problems that have no historical precedent. An example: Cooking with new ingredients and experimenting with unfamiliar flavor combinations.

Essential Conditions: The "Must-Checks"

In my local experience, there are two vital conditions that must be evaluated before deciding to use trial and error:

Condition 1: No Human Harm (Zero Negative Side Effects; No Human Collateral Damage): This is non-negotiable. Trial and error should never be used where a mistake could lead to loss of life, physical injury, or psychological trauma. This is why we don't use this method in medicine, structural engineering, or aviation—a single error can be fatal. A surgeon cannot learn by trial and error which artery to tie off, nor can a building engineer say, "Let’s remove this pillar and see what happens!"

Condition 2: Low Cost of Failure: The cost of an error must be minimal, not substantial. If we stand to "lose a lot" in the event of a failure, trial and error is not an appropriate option. A positive example: Testing a new recipe by starting with a small batch—if it fails, you've only lost a few eggs and some flour. A negative example: Trying to understand the effects of a new medication through trial and error; the risk to the patient's health or life is far too high.

How to Facilitate the Process

Before jumping into trial and error, consider these steps:

1.  Check for Existing Knowledge: Can we use analytical methods or past knowledge? The facilitator should work patiently with community members to explore this.

2.  Seek Expert Advice: If that's not enough, can we get help from experts or credible resources?

3.  Evaluate Context: If neither of the above is possible, and the conditions (low cost, no human harm) are met, then trial and error is a suitable path.

Remember, while trial and error is a simple, intuitive tool for complex problems, it does not guarantee finding the "optimal" solution. It is fast for small issues but unsuitable for high-stakes scenarios. It encourages creativity and exploration, but it can also lead to hasty decision-making.

Why Trial and Error Works in Community Facilitation

In community-based facilitation, this method can be highly effective if the principles above are respected:

1.  Unique Contexts: Every neighborhood and village is unique. A solution that worked in one place might fail in another. Facilitators and local leaders must find solutions tailored to their specific culture and context through trial and error.

2.  Ownership: When people test, fail, and correct solutions themselves, they gain "ownership" of both the problem and the solution. This active participation ensures the sustainability of the results.

3.  Manageable Costs: Community projects usually start with small, scalable experiments. A pilot project in a neighborhood can often be carried out without significant human or financial risk.

Practical Examples

A Local Loan Fund: A facilitator and a group of village women decide to set up a credit fund. They set initial rules via trial and error: for example, they start with a 50,000 Toman monthly contribution. After two months, they realize it's too low, so they increase it to 100,000. They also find that a one-month repayment period isn't enough and adjust it to two.

Improving Waste Collection: People suggest various solutions: large bins in a few spots, specific bags in front of every house, or a fixed collection day. They try each option for one week, review the results, and eventually choose a hybrid solution.

Launching a Neighborhood Library: A group of youth tries placing books in the local mosque, but participation is low. They move the location to the park, then experiment with changing opening hours and adding children’s storytelling sessions. Through continuous trial and error, they eventually find a successful model.

Final Thoughts: Key Best Practices

Start Small: Always begin with a small pilot to minimize the cost of failure.

Maximize Participation: Ensure all stakeholders are involved in decision-making and evaluation.

Document Everything: Results must be recorded by the involved parties so lessons learned can be applied later.

Collective Evaluation: After each cycle, evaluate results as a group and reach a consensus on the next step.

Transparency: Do not hide failures. In community work, mistakes are learning opportunities, and transparency builds collective trust.

Trial and error is a simple yet powerful tool, provided it is used in the right conditions—where there is no risk of human harm, the cost of failure is low, and no more effective analytical method is available. In community-based facilitation, due to its flexible, participatory, and experiential nature, it remains one of the most effective ways to empower people and solve local problems. When people experiment, make mistakes, and correct them on their own, their learning runs deeper, and the results are far more sustainable.

Why Every Community Facilitator Needs to Watch The Old Oak

A personal reflection on Ken Loach's final masterpiece — and what it taught me about food, community, and human connection.

I've watched Ken Loach's The Old Oak three times now. And it hits harder with every single viewing.

If you haven't heard of it yet, The Old Oak (2023) is the 28th and — as Ken Loach has announced — very likely the final feature film from the legendary British director. At 87 years old, the man widely regarded as the master of social realism has given us one last, unforgettable gift. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2023, where it received a standing ovation and widespread critical praise, before rolling out to theaters worldwide throughout 2024. It was written by Paul Laverty, Loach's longtime collaborator, and together they have crafted something deeply, achingly human.

The Story

The film is set in a former mining village in the northeast of England. The collieries have long shut down. Jobs have vanished. Young people have left for the cities. A heavy, quiet sense of abandonment hangs over the streets like the region's famous grey sky.

The only place still standing is a pub called The Old Oak, run by a gentle, quietly stubborn man named TJ. Dave Turner plays him with remarkable authenticity — a man who has seen his community fall apart and is doing his best to hold onto whatever is left.

Then one day, a bus pulls up.

It carries Syrian refugees — families who have fled war, destruction, and loss — and they are being resettled in the village. The community fractures immediately. Old prejudices surface. Fear and resentment simmer in conversations at the bar. But TJ finds himself drawn to help, especially after forming an unlikely friendship with Yara, a young Syrian woman who uses her camera to document everything she witnesses. What follows is a story about the painful, messy, beautiful process of strangers learning to recognize their shared humanity.

Why This Film Matters

I don't want to give away too much of the plot — the real magic of The Old Oak is in watching it unfold, sitting through its uncomfortable silences, and celebrating its small but profound victories. But here is what I will say: this is a film about dialogue. About community. About the radical, world-changing act of sharing a table.

Ken Loach has never been a director who preaches at his audience. Instead, he shows us real people — flawed, stubborn, scared, but also generous and capable of surprising kindness — and trusts us to draw our own conclusions. In an age where social media algorithms are designed to push us into echo chambers, where polarization seems to be the only thing growing, The Old Oak reminds us what it actually means to sit across from someone who is different from you and truly see them.

For facilitators — especially those of us who work in community-based settings — this film is nothing short of essential. It is a living, breathing case study in what it takes to bring divided people together.

The Line That Stopped Me Cold

There is one moment in the film that has stayed with me long after the credits rolled. A line so simple and so powerful that I had to pause the movie and just sit with it:

"If we eat together, we stick together."

This hit me like a thunderbolt.

Because this is something I have always done in my own workshops and facilitation work. A shared lunch. A collaborative, group meal. People from different backgrounds, different opinions, different walks of life — sitting together around the same table, passing the salt, reaching for the water pitcher, laughing at someone's questionable cooking, and discovering that the stranger across from them is not an enemy, not a threat, but just... a person. Just like them.

There is something profoundly disarming about breaking bread together. It lowers invisible walls that no argument or lecture could ever bring down. It builds bridges that no policy document could ever construct. It reminds us that before we are anything else — before we are political beings, religious beings, or ideological beings — we are human beings who need to eat, who find joy in a good meal, and who feel a quiet, deep warmth when someone offers us a seat at their table.

The Old Oak understands this truth better than almost any film I have ever encountered.

What Community Facilitators Can Take Away

For those of us working in community facilitation, this film offers a quiet masterclass in several things:

Patience. Building trust across deep divides does not happen overnight. TJ doesn't win anyone over with a grand speech or a single heroic act. He shows up, day after day, makes small gestures, withstands suspicion from both sides, and keeps the door of The Old Oak open — literally and figuratively. As facilitators, we often want quick results. The Old Oak reminds us that real change moves at the speed of trust, and trust moves slowly.

Dialogue over debate. The film is filled with conversations that go nowhere, arguments that flare up and fizzle out. But it's also filled with moments where people truly listen — where TJ sits with Yara and lets her tell her story without rushing to fix anything. This is the heart of facilitation: creating space for voices that are rarely heard, and holding that space steady even when it gets uncomfortable.

The power of shared experience. The most transformative moment in the film doesn't happen in a meeting room or through a formal program. It happens over a meal. When the Syrian women cook their traditional food and the locals hesitantly, suspiciously, begin to taste it — something shifts. Walls crack. Curiosity replaces fear. This is the very essence of community-building: not forcing people to agree, but giving them a reason to be together.

The facilitator as bridge, not savior. TJ never positions himself as the hero of the story. He stumbles, he has doubts, he questions whether he's doing the right thing. He is simply a person who refused to look away. For facilitators, this is a vital lesson: our role is not to solve people's problems for them, but to stand in the gap, to connect, and to trust the community to find its own way forward.

 

Final Invitation to watch

The Old Oak is not a comfortable film. It doesn't wrap up neatly. It doesn't offer easy answers. But it does offer something perhaps more valuable: hope. The kind of hope that is hard-won, grounded in real human connection, and worth fighting for.

If you work with communities — whether you're a facilitator, a social worker, a local leader, an educator, or just someone who believes that people can learn to live together despite their differences — I cannot recommend this film enough.

Watch it. Let it sink in. And then come back and tell me what you thought over a cup of tea — or better yet, over a shared meal.

Have you seen The Old Oak? What was your experience? Drop a comment below — I'd love to hear your thoughts.

The Art of Collective Prioritization: A Guide for Facilitators

At the heart of every participatory process and every collective decision-making toward change lies a simple yet vital question: “Where do we begin?” 

Experience shows that local communities, work teams, and stakeholder groups are rarely short on ideas, identified problems, or proposed solutions. The real challenge is choosing the smartest starting point among numerous options. When we spend hours in discussion, hear all perspectives, but still cannot reach a clear consensus, that is precisely the moment when "structured prioritization" transforms from a useful technique into an unavoidable necessity.

Prioritization is not merely choosing one option over another; it is the art of allocating the fairest attention to the most pressing concerns, given limited resources. When done collaboratively, this process becomes more than an administrative routine—it becomes a mirror reflecting the collective values, fears, and hopes, building trust and shared ownership. 

In this text, we proceed from the belief that there is no single "best" method for prioritization. Success is determined by the fit between the method, the group's composition, and the nature of the decision. A skilled facilitator, like a proficient physician, must diagnose which "tool" is most suitable for which "condition". 

A Glance at the Facilitator's Toolkit

On this path, we will explore six key approaches I have used repeatedly in the field, each carrying practical lessons: 

1. The Two-Criteria Matrix (e.g., Importance/Urgency): A quick, visual tool for initial sorting. Ideal when time is short and we need a clear roadmap. (I have used it many times with young people in rural contexts and in forest-management project in Iranian Hyecania to prioritize threats to landscapes.) 

2. The Scatter Plot (e.g., Capital/Time to Breakeven): Useful when a decision is based on quantitative data and we need to visualize risk and return clearly. (I have applied this in rural contexts for prioritizing small business initiatives.) 

3. Simple Ordinal Voting: The most democratic and fastest method for large groups requiring maximum participation. (This is a frequent go-to, especially in populated workshops where inclusive and efficient decision-making is key.) 

4. The Pairwise Comparison Matrix: The most precise tool when options are limited and require the deepest collective comparison and judgment. (I have used it with both urban and rural communities; participants often appreciate the structured clarity it provides.) 

5. The Weighted Scoring Model: The most comprehensive method for complex decisions with multiple, varied criteria that need quantitative assessment. (This model is invaluable for transparent, multi-faceted choices.) 

6. The wise integration of criteria in real-world contexts, such as in a forestry project that combined "Impact Severity" and "Response Capacity" to prioritize threats effectively. 

Beyond Technique: Facilitation as Cultivating Collective Wisdom

This text, however, is not just about counting votes or filling matrices. It is about creating a safe space for dialogue where silence is heard as clearly as voices, and minority views are valued as much as majority ones. It is about how, before any vote, we must nurture meaningful conversation—dialogue where people reason not to win, but to understand. 

The facilitator on this path is not a neutral technician. They are a gardener preparing the ground for collective wisdom to grow, careful not to let the rush for results spoil the path to achieving them. They remember that sometimes the most valuable outcome of a prioritization session is not the final list, but the deeper shared understanding participants gain of the situation and each other. 

This text is born from years of experience alongside diverse communities, from remote villages to urban workshops. The methods discussed here have been tested in the crucible of real debate and urgent needs. May it serve as a flashlight in your hands, illuminating the path through difficult decisions and reminding us of this eternal wisdom: "The journey begins with the first conscious step." 

Let us take that step, wisely, together.

The Art of Observation in Community Empowerment

Imagine you are facilitating an empowerment process in a neighborhood or a rural community. As a facilitator, you need to equip yourself to guide a series of preparatory and collective activities. One essential reminder: pay attention to observation.

A facilitator must cultivate deep, holistic observation—and at the same time invite community members to observe with you, to practice seeing together. In other words, part of your role is to enable collective observation, or “seeing together.”

There are several important points I want to share. Of course, these are not the whole story. Observation as a skill for learning and understanding the environment is much broader than what I can cover here. It is not a side activity but a core part of empowerment: a tool that helps us notice signs, discover opportunities, and bring hidden capacities of the community to the surface. Each act of observation is a step toward deeper understanding and, potentially, more effective action.

1. Observation works with other senses—especially listening

Active listening is never just about the ears; it is about ears and eyes working together. In a community meeting, when people share their concerns, we don’t only listen—we also watch. How participants sit, whether they take notes, how they look at each other, who they whisper to, even their silences—all of these are signals.

This combination of listening and seeing helps us grasp not only the content of words but also facial expressions, body language, and collective reactions. As a result, the facilitator can better manage the atmosphere, recognize signs of trust or hesitation, and guide the conversation toward genuine participation. Observation alongside listening deepens communication and reveals hidden layers of social reality.

2. Observation beyond conversations

Observation is not limited to dialogue. During visits, walks through the village, games, or ongoing sessions, we must observe carefully—both the environment and participants’ responses.

To strengthen this skill, it is best to write down observations each time. Writing prevents details from being forgotten, reveals patterns, and turns scattered experiences into a coherent picture. (I often carry small notebooks to workshops so participants can practice observation and writing together.)

Recording observations strengthens the facilitator’s memory and enables collective reflection. Later, these notes can be revisited with community members, discussed, and transformed into new opportunities for empowerment. Writing is the bridge between seeing and acting.

3. Observation without bias

True observation means seeing reality as it is—without adding personal judgment or taking a stance. If a facilitator imposes their own interpretation while observing, they unintentionally steer the group toward their personal view, limiting free participation.

Neutral observation, on the other hand, allows for a more accurate understanding of the situation and gives the group space to decide based on their collective experience. Such observation is not about taking sides but about clarifying reality—a foundation for trust, constructive dialogue, and shared decisions.

4. Encourage observation constantly

This is part of my own practice: I keep saying, “Look, look.” A facilitator should continually invite the group to observe. Observation is not an optional extra; it is part of the ethics and method of facilitation.

I believe that neutral looking opens a window to fresh understanding. As one friend put it, every time we truly see, we discover something new. The more participants are encouraged to notice and pay attention, the greater the chance of building shared understanding and making informed decisions.

5. Observation for holistic understanding

Observation is not only about details; it must lead to a broader perspective. Whatever we see should be placed in a larger context.

For example, noticing a plant growing near a village is not just about the plant itself—it is part of the local ecosystem. Being served tomato stew in a rural home is not just about the tomato—it connects to daily life, agriculture, and culture.

This holistic lens pushes us to ask questions and seek connections between small elements and the larger whole, leading to deeper insight into reality.

6. Observation as shared interaction

I insist that part of interaction is “seeing together.” We must practice this: observe together, complete each other’s images, talk about what we see, and draw a collective mental map of observation.

Here, the facilitator plays a crucial role in enabling this process. Shared observation can spark creativity at any moment.

7. Practice observation continuously

We already observe all the time, but the challenge is to do it consciously. Write down the results. Try to identify opportunities while observing—and encourage others to do the same. Continuous practice makes observation a living skill.

Forget the Judgment. It's Time for Empowering Evaluation

Hey everyone,

I was in a workshop today (7 November 2025 in Sepidan, Fars Province, Iran) talking about the "generations of evaluation," and it got me fired up. We traced the path from simply counting things (1st gen), to describing them (2nd gen), to making top-down judgments (3rd gen).

Then we got to the game-changer: the shift toward collaborative, negotiated evaluation (the classic 4th gen). This is where we start handing the microphone to the community.

But I want to propose we take it a step further. The latest evolution isn't just about collaboration—it's about Empowering Evaluation.

This is the mindset we need for genuine, community-based facilitation.

What is Empowering Evaluation?

Let's be honest. The word "evaluation" can still make people tense. It hints at a report card, an external verdict, a pass/fail grade. Empowering Evaluation flips that script entirely.

It's not an audit; it's a process of co-creation and capacity building.

The goal isn't to produce a dusty report for a funder. The goal is to strengthen the community's own ability to understand, reflect, and direct its future. As a facilitator, my role isn't to be the judge, but to be a guide who helps the community build its own "learning muscles."

How is this Different?

- Old Way (Judgment): "Here's what you did well and poorly."

- Empowering Way: "What have we learned together? What power and knowledge do we now have to move forward?"

How to Practice Empowering Evaluation in Your Community Work

This isn't about complex metrics; it's about intentional practice.

1. Start with "Why Us?": From day one, frame the evaluation as for and by the community. Ask: "What do we need to learn to make this work more powerful for us?"

2. Co-design the Questions: Don't walk in with a pre-made survey. Facilitate a session where community members decide what success looks like and what questions are meaningful to ask. Their values drive the process.

3. Use Your Facilitation Tools for Reflection: Turn your regular meetings into reflective practice. Use simple tools like:

 - "What? So What? Now What?": What happened? What does it mean? What should we do based on that learning?

 - Appreciative Inquiry: Instead of focusing on problems, ask: "What's working best right now? How do we get more of that?"

 - Most Significant Change Stories: Collect and discuss stories of change, then have the group itself decide which stories were the most significant and why.

4. My Role as the Facilitator? A Mirror and a Bridge.

 - I am a mirror, reflecting back the patterns, strengths, and questions I hear from the group.

 - I am a bridge, connecting different perspectives within the community and linking their learning to actionable next steps.

The ultimate success of an Empowering Evaluation is when the community no longer needs me to facilitate the reflection—when asking "How are we doing?" and "What should we change?" becomes a natural, self-sustaining part of their culture.

That's the real goal: not a good evaluation report, but an empowered, self-aware, and adaptive community.

What are your thoughts? How have you seen evaluation empower—or disempower—a community you're part of?

Let's chat in the comments!

AI has helped me in arranging the text. 

Ethics in Facilitation: A Collective Reflection Across Borders

Recently, I hosted an online brainstorming session with facilitators from diverse backgrounds to explore the ethical principles that guide our work. The response was overwhelming—full of wisdom, experience, and heartfelt reflection. What follows is a synthesis of those contributions, enriched by a powerful set of insights from Iranian facilitators who added cultural nuance, lived experience, and philosophical depth to the conversation.

Universal Ethical Principles Shared by Facilitators

From the international brainstorming, several core ethical values emerged:

Respect for Participants: Every voice matters. Facilitators must create inclusive spaces where dignity is upheld.

Confidentiality and Trust: Safeguarding what’s shared builds the foundation for honest dialogue.

Neutrality and Impartiality: Facilitators guide the process, not the outcome.

Transparency and Honesty: Clear intentions and open communication are essential.

Responsibility and Accountability: Facilitators must own their decisions and their impact.

Empowerment and Equity: The goal is to uplift communities, not dominate them.

Cultural Sensitivity: Awareness of context and diversity strengthens facilitation.

Reflections from Iranian Facilitators: Ethics in Action

Iranian facilitators brought a deeply human and culturally grounded perspective to the discussion. Their insights added layers of meaning and practical wisdom to the ethical framework:

Emotional Intelligence and Self-Awareness

Patience and Tolerance: A facilitator must be a nonjudgmental listener with emotional resilience to manage disruptions calmly.

Self-Reflection and Self-Care: Ethics begins with the self. Facilitators must maintain their own mental and emotional health to serve effectively.

Avoiding Projection: Golshan Ghasemi reminded us that ethical lapses often stem from unresolved inner conflicts. Ethics requires introspection.

Human Dignity and Respect

Respecting All Voices: Honoring every participant’s experience and protecting their privacy is foundational.

Avoiding Top-Down Attitudes: Mitra Alborzi-Manesh emphasized that facilitators are not perfect beings—they must avoid imposing project goals and instead co-create them with communities.

Integrity and Accountability

Honesty and Transparency: Facilitators must be clear about their role, intentions, and limitations.

Avoiding Conflicts of Interest: Ethical facilitators must separate personal gain from community outcomes.

Responsibility for Impact: Maryam Lavi raised a critical question: Are facilitators responsible for long-term consequences of their interventions? Ethics demands foresight and humility.

Empowerment and Equity

Sustainable Facilitation: The goal is to build community capacity, not dependency.

Bottom-Up Approaches: True facilitation emerges from listening to lived experiences and redefining goals collaboratively.

Virtue and Character

Ethics as a Way of Being: Ethics is not just a set of rules—it’s a mindset rooted in values like honesty, kindness, and courage.

Universal Values: Traits like gratitude, humility, and respect are timeless and borderless.

Practical Wisdom

Listening Without Judgment: Active listening and empathy can defuse tension and build trust.

Updating Ethical Standards: Ethical frameworks must evolve with society’s changing values and contexts.

Structural Ethics

Defining Ethical Components: Ethics should be mapped to specific competencies in facilitation.

Respecting Cultural Contexts: Ethics must be adapted to the social and cultural nuances of each community.

Philosophical Foundations

Belief as a Moral Anchor: Mehdi Abedi argued that belief in the process itself generates ethical behavior.

Ethical Dilemmas and Outcomes: Should ethics prioritize process or results? This philosophical tension shapes real-world decisions.

Contextual Ethics: Sometimes, ethical action depends on the setting. Facilitating in unethical contexts may itself be unethical.

***

A Shared Vision

Across cultures and contexts, one truth stands out: facilitation is not merely a technical role—it’s a deeply ethical one. Whether in Tehran or Toronto, facilitators are called to be patient listeners, humble guides, and responsible stewards of collective processes.

This conversation is far from over. What other ethical dimensions do you think facilitators should embody? Let’s keep building this shared framework—together.

I am back after a long time

For the past ten years, my work in community-based empowerment across various contexts has been all-consuming, leaving me no time to write a single word here on my English blog. During this time, I actively maintained my Farsi blog, sharing various materials on community-based facilitation.

Last week, I decided it was time to bring this blog back to life. I'm excited to start sharing again in English!